Study on the role of spatial planning in rising housing costs
In Switzerland, rents increased by an average of 30% between 2000 and 2021. The prices of residential property even increased by over 80%. The Center for Regional Economic Development (CRED) of the University of Bern, in collaboration with IAZI, has investigated the causes of the increased housing costs with a focus on spatial planning. The study was commissioned by the cantonal planners of the Zurich metropolitan area and the Federal Office of Housing BWO.
The study “Causes of rising housing costs in Switzerland with a focus on spatial planning” makes it clear that spatial planning plays a moderating role in the real estate market: it has an impact on construction activity and thus influences housing costs. The increase in demand for housing, on the other hand, is a driving factor in rising housing costs. Among other things, the downsizing of households, population growth and rising individual housing consumption play a role here.
Spatial planning can have an influence here. It limits the availability of building land and zoning capacities. In this way, it controls how flexibly the supply of housing can adapt to changing demand. If spatial planning is too strict, the supply can react less flexibly to the strong increase in demand. This can lead to higher housing costs in the long run.
Internal development as a solution
However, one of the tasks of spatial planning is to limit urban sprawl and protect the landscape. The study identifies inner development as an instrument that allows both the protection of the landscape and an increase in the supply of housing. The study also shows that rezonings have a price-dampening effect in areas where the utilisation of building zones is already high. Upzoning is defined as the expansion of possible uses within a building zone. This is therefore an effective means and, if used in a targeted manner, can have an optimal effect. The study results also suggest a connection between high housing costs and high planning and process costs. Lengthy approval and objection procedures also contribute to increased costs.
Conference on housing and spatial development
As part of the Swiss Housing Days 2023, which will take place from 3 to 7 November 2023 in Biel, a panel of experts will discuss on 6 November how internal development can be shaped so that more affordable housing is created in the process. More details and registration at www.bwo.admin.ch.